Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Confidence: Understanding How We Learn to Believe in Ourselves

Self-confidence is a key ingredient in personal growth, success, and well-being. But where does it come from? How does it develop—and how can we strengthen it?

This article is part of a series exploring five major psychological theories on self-confidence. Each theory offers a unique perspective on how we build self-belief, and how our thoughts, environments, and experiences shape the way we see ourselves. In this first article, we dive into Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, a foundational model that explains how self-confidence is learned through observation, social interaction, and reflection.

How SCT Explains the Development of Self-Confidence1. Observational Learning (Modeling)

We gain confidence by observing others (models) successfully perform tasks. If we see someone similar to us succeed, we believe we can succeed too. This is especially powerful in childhood, education, and work environments.

Example: A young writer watches their favorite author share stories about early rejection and sees how persistence led to success. This observation boosts the writer’s own confidence.

2. Self-Efficacy Beliefs

Though Bandura developed Self-Efficacy Theory later as a more focused model, it originated in SCT. Self-efficacy refers to a person’s belief in their ability to perform a specific task. SCT explains how self-efficacy is shaped by:

Mastery experiences: Success builds confidence; failure (when managed properly) builds resilience.

Vicarious experiences: Seeing others succeed.

Verbal persuasion: Encouragement from others.

Emotional & physiological states: Calm focus increases confidence; anxiety reduces it.

3. Environmental Reinforcements

Supportive environments — including positive feedback, resources, and social support — reinforce our belief that we can succeed. SCT highlights how external validation and encouragement can enhance self-belief.

4. Self-Regulation

People with higher self-confidence often develop strong self-regulation skills. This means they set goals, monitor progress, reflect, and adjust their actions — all of which contribute to a stronger sense of self-control and belief in one’s own abilities.

Practical Applications of Social Cognitive Theory to Boost Self-Confidence

Here are some practical strategies rooted in SCT:

Surround yourself with positive role models: Observe how others handle challenges.

Reflect on your past successes: Use them as evidence of your capability.

Practice regularly: Repetition builds mastery and reduces fear.

Seek constructive feedback: Use it to grow, not shrink.

Encourage others: Helping someone else boosts both their confidence and yours.

Conclusion

The Social Cognitive Theory reminds us that self-confidence is not innate — it is learned. We build it through experiences, observation, reflection, and support. By becoming more aware of the environments we place ourselves in, the people we surround ourselves with, and the narratives we internalize, we can actively shape the belief we have in ourselves.

In Bandura’s words: